The Kebab Model: Integrating Process and Outcome in Athletic Mental Training

Document Type : How-to Articles

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Ph.D. in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Performance Psychologist & Consultant, Major League Baseball (MLB), Minnesota Twins, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

10.22091/frs.2025.13709.1100

Abstract

Sport psychology has created a false dichotomy between process-focused and outcome-focused approaches to mental training. This opinion piece argues for an integrated model using the metaphor of the Persian kebab, where outcome and process are interconnected elements of a unified whole. Drawing from practical coaching experience and flow theory, the Kebab Model proposes that optimal performance occurs when athletes maintain clear outcome vision while simultaneously engaging in process excellence—much like the distinct but inseparable components of a perfectly prepared kebab.
Sport psychology has created a false dichotomy between process-focused and outcome-focused approaches to mental training. This opinion piece argues for an integrated model using the metaphor of the Persian kebab, where outcome and process are interconnected elements of a unified whole. Drawing from practical coaching experience and flow theory, the Kebab Model proposes that optimal performance occurs when athletes maintain clear outcome vision while simultaneously engaging in process excellence—much like the distinct but inseparable components of a perfectly prepared kebab.

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History

  • Receive Date: 23 August 2025
  • Revise Date: 13 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 24 November 2025
  • Publish Date: 21 March 2026

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